Characterstics of the poor

The world bank has vividly depicted the lives of poor people-"poor people live without fundamental
freedom of action and choice that the better off take for granted.They often lack adequate food and shelter,education and health,deprivations that keep them from leading the kind of life that everyone values.They also natural disasters.They ate often exposed to ill treatment to influence key decisions affecting their lives.These are all dimensions of poverty."
The characteristics of the poor are as follows :

1. The place where poor live:Poverty as measured by low income is worst in rural areas.The problem of malnutrition,lack of education,low life expectancy,and substandard housing are more server in rural areas.The importance of rural poverty is not always understood. Because,the urban poor are more visible and more vocal than their rural counterparts.
2. Demographic characteristics :The household with the lowest income per person tend to be large,with many children or other economically dependent members.The poor people often lack access to modern family planning service.The aged often rely on the extended family in the rural areas.In urban ares joint family system is breaking up.The elderly are becoming more vulnerable.
3. Lack of assets :The poor usually assets as well as income.In rural areas wealth and status come from the land.When the poor own land,it is often unproductive and lies outside irrigate areas.They lack income and assets to credit.So they are unable to improve their land.Many of the poor have access to land but without the ownership rights.Tenancy is common which does not provide collateral.
4. Sources of income:Most of the poor do different earning activities.It is common for the poor to work as cultivators,small artisans,petty traders, wage labourers at various times of the year.The poor are relay self sufficient.Agriculture is the main sources of income for the poor.The greatest number of poor is in rural areas.Their live hoods are linked to farming.
5. Expenditure pattern :The poor spend nearly all their incomes on consumption.About half of the consumption is in the forms of food.Poverty is often the fundamental cause of malnutrition within the households.The distribution of consumption often favours males and income earning adults.
6. Status of poor in the society:In general,the poor have less access to publicly provided goods and services.In Nepal are 50 to100 percent higher than for the poor.Fewer social services are available to the poor.
   

Concept of proverty

Poverty is one of the problems of economics development.Hence,the main objective of economics development is poverty alleviation.Poverty is the condition of having insufficient resourcesor income.Poverty is the inability to sustain some minimal needs,such water,and health services.
according to the world bank 'poverty is the inability to attain a minimal standard of living'".It is a condition of life so degraded by disease,illiteracy,Malnutrition,and squalor as to deny its victims basius human necessities".
According to recent view of world bank "poverty is more than inadequate income or human development -it is also vulnerable and a lake of voice,power,and representation. "Hence, poverty means inadequate income,malnutrition,lace of assess to social services like education,healthcare,sanitation and lake of social and political status.The word bank has turned the people with per capital income of $275 as extremely poor and with per capital income of $370 as poor.In this sense Nepal falls into the category of etremely poor countries with per capital income of more $220.The income,consumption,life expectancy,Primary education of such people is low whereas the child mortality rate,malnutrition is very high.

Concept of human development

The objective economic development has remarkably changed in recent years.Today development not only implies the growth of output or of income,but also the improvement in the quality of output or income,But also the improvement in the quality of people's lives.The improvement in the quality of people's lives not only requires higher income but also requires higher standard of education,health and nutrition,a cleaner environment,and equal opportunity."This clearly implies that economics development is more than more increase in GDP.
In line with this idea World Bank ha been publishing social indicators of development since 1990.This focuses on infant mortality,primary schools enrolment rate,supply per capital,and share of agriculture in GDP beside per capital income.
Similar to this very idea UN DP(United Nation Development Programme.)has been published human resources development report each year since 1990.In the first publication of this report in 1990,UN DP defined human development in this way."people are the real wealth of a nation. The basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long healthy and creative lives.....Human development is a process of enlarging people's choices."The concept of human development reinforces the belief that people should participate in the development process and benefit from it.Hence,effort should be focused on improving quality of life.There is no meaning of growth if it not translated into the lives of people.

Contribution to indistrial development

Public enterprises had been established also with the objective of initiating industrial development in the country as well as to work as the model entrepreneur and employer.Their is no up to date data regarding this.However,according to industrial census of 1993/1994,the public enterprises of manufacturing sector have made significant contribution in industrilation.Manufacturing enterprises had contributed 10.2 percent to employment,15.9 percent to labour wage,19.6 percent to out put and 29.2 percent to value added.Government industries were more capital intensive than private sector industries.Labour productivity was also higher in government industrial than in private sector industries.
Government manufacturing enterprises must have remarkably stimulated private entrepreneurs in the form of model entrepreneur However,at present those retired from the job of government enterprises have initiated their own business,which prove this fact.Likewise,the proper provision of salary,allowance,rent,child induced private enterprises to make such provision.
Since government industries are mainly of import substituting natural their to earn foreign capacity to learn foreign exchange by promoting export is almost.In past goods such as handicraft,leather shore,magnesite and medicinal herbs were exported in negligiable quantity and are still continuing to some extent.However,government industries have in a sense made the country self-sufficiant in the production of commodities such as ciggarate,sugar,cement etc.In this way,these enterprises have contributed in fulfilling the basic needs of people even if to some extent.However,machine,equipments,raw materials,chemicals should be imported for these industries on account of which there is no large saving of foreign exchange.

Meaning of public enterprises

In past,government spread its net over wide rage of areas.In the development countries public enterprises was considered as an effective weapon of promoting equity and economic growth.Public enterprises estimated even in 19th century,but they were limited only to public utilities.
Particularly in developing countries public enterprises had covered wide areas.They had occupied commanding heights in the economy.These enterprises had been used as a tool to accelerate economic development,mobilise resources for economic development,provide employment to unitised for manpower and to utilise the unitised resources.However,in recent time,doubts have been raised regarding their effectiveness.The attention of the world has shift from nationalisation to privatisation.Nevertheless,the significance of public enterprises cannot be ignored in the context of protecting the interest of the people,improving their living standard and accelerating the pace of economic development of the country A.H.Hansen has,thus,rightly remarked,"Public enterprises without a plan can achieve something,a plan without public enterprises expanded rapidly during past five decades.
First of all it seems proper to make the meaning of public enterprises clear.Public enterprises have been given various names.They are called public sec tore undertaking,socialised industries,state-owned enterprises ,government enterprises,state enterprises ,Enterprise's is used in the government level.Due to this the term public enterprises creates confusion.In order to avoid confusion it is better to mention some of its definitions.But still the universally acceptable definition cannot be found.
According to A.H.Hasen"Public enterprises and operations of industrial,agricultural,financial and commercial undertakings.
According to World Bank "State owned enterprises are financially autonomous and legally distinct entities wholly or partially owned by Central or sub national government.

Concept of developing planning

The term economic planning was at first used by famous philosopher Plato in the book 'republic'. The importance of economic planing in the real sense was highlighted in an easy by a Norwegian theorist, Kristian Schonneyder.The modern from of planning had been originated from it.The planning had spread like wild fire after 2nd world war.Due to the worldwide spread of planning the development economist Arthur Lewis had remarked -"we are all planners now."
There is no consensus among economists regarding the concept or meaning of economic planning.It has been defined in many ways.Here the views of two planning exports have been presented.
According to Albert Waterston -"Planning is an organized,conscious and continual attempt to select the best available alternative to achieve specific goals.It involves the economising of scarce resources.
In the world of M.P.Todaro-"Economic planning is a deliberate governmental attempt to-coordinate economic decision making over the long run and to influence,direct and same case seven control the level and growth of a nation's principle economic variables,income,consumption,employment,saving,export,import,etc.in order to achieve a predetermined set of development objectives.
In sum,the formulation and execution of economic programmes to achieve national objective is called economic or development planning.The programmes and targets are fixed keeping in view the available resources.The economic planning is adopted to achieve the targets fixed within stipulated time.

Concept of government revenue

During 18th century under the influence of Adam Smith there was a strong view that the only function of government is also maintain internal law and order protect the country from foreign aggression.The activities of the government increased rapidly after second world war.In recent years the ghosts of Adam Smith has awakened.It is now through."That government is the best which does the least".But due to different reasons the role of government has not declined in importance in developing countries.The government has to play in importance role in providing social services such as education,health,nutrition,sanitation and economic services such as road,electricity,and communication.
The government needs adequate finance its activities.The government receives public revenue from various sources.Hence,how government receive income,what are the effects of public revenue,how the adverse effects,if any,can be removed are studies under public revenue.
The public revenue is an important part of public finance. According to economist Dalto,the terms public revenue has both narrow and wider meaning.In broad sense,public revenue includes all the income and receipt receive by the government.But in narrow sense,it includes only income receive from taxes.